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	<title>responses &#8211; Spencer Greenberg</title>
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	<title>responses &#8211; Spencer Greenberg</title>
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		<title>What is a large correlation? Looking at the sizes of 166 correlations.</title>
		<link>https://www.spencergreenberg.com/2018/01/what-is-a-large-correlation-looking-at-the-sizes-of-166-correlations/</link>
					<comments>https://www.spencergreenberg.com/2018/01/what-is-a-large-correlation-looking-at-the-sizes-of-166-correlations/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Spencer]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sun, 14 Jan 2018 01:16:00 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Essays]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[cause]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[correlated]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[correlation]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[correlations]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[measured]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[measurement]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[participants]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[people]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[response]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[responses]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[scale]]></category>
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					<description><![CDATA[How large is a &#8220;large&#8221; correlation when it comes to studying people? Below are 166 (rather interesting!) size-ordered correlations that I calculated on 870 people in the United States, who were recruited using our study recruitment platform, Positly. All responses are self-reported by the study participants, mostly measured on a scale of 1-4 or 1-5, [&#8230;]]]></description>
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<p>How large is a &#8220;large&#8221; correlation when it comes to studying people?</p>



<p>Below are 166 (rather interesting!) size-ordered correlations that I calculated on 870 people in the United States, who were recruited using our study recruitment platform, <a href="https://www.positly.com/">Positly</a>.</p>



<p>All responses are self-reported by the study participants, mostly measured on a scale of 1-4 or 1-5, except those that suggest a different scale (e.g., number of minutes doing something, age, symptom scores, etc.)</p>



<p>Keep in mind that if A and B are correlated, it could be that A causes B, it could be that B causes A, or it could be that some third thing causes both A and B.</p>



<p>The number shown on each row is the correlation between the thing on the left of the &#8220;vs.&#8221; and the thing on the right of the &#8220;vs.&#8221;</p>



<p>—<br>Huge correlations (~67% of variance explained)</p>



<p>0.82: depression symptom score (PHQ9) vs. anxiety symptom score (GAD7)<br>0.82: &#8220;Taking all things together, I am happy.&#8221; (1-5 scale) vs. &#8220;In general, I feel confident and positive about myself.&#8221; (1-5 scale)<br>0.75: &#8220;How religious do you consider yourself to be?&#8221; (0-5 scale) vs. &#8220;How spiritual do you consider yourself to be?&#8221; (0-5 scale)<br>0.75: satisfactionWithDatingOrRomanticLife vs. howWellTreatedByRomanticPartner<br>0.74: socialLiberalness vs. economicLiberalness<br>0.73: placeOfWorshipAffiliation vs. &#8220;How religious do you consider yourself to be?&#8221; (0-5 scale)<br>0.68: &#8220;In general, I feel confident and positive about myself.&#8221; (1-5 scale) vs. &#8220;How optimistic a person are you usually?&#8221; (-2 to 2 scale)<br>0.67: parentsHappyWhenYouWereGrowingUp vs. parentsTreatedWellWhenGrowingUp<br>0.67: videoGameMinutesPerDayWhenPlays vs. videoGamePlayingDaysPerWeek<br>0.60: howGoodLifeIsRelativeToExpectations vs. &#8220;I feel satisfied with what I am achieving in life.&#8221; (1-5 scale)<br>0.60: enoughMoneyToLiveComfortably vs. moreWealthyThanFriends<br>0.60: hoursWorkedOnWorkDays vs. daysWorkedPerWeek<br>0.58: takesAntidepressants vs. hasMentalHealthDiagnosis<br>0.57: satisfactionWithDatingOrRomanticLife vs. relationshipSeriousness<br>0.54: takesAntidepressants vs. seeingAMentalHealthProfessional<br>0.54: &#8220;How spiritual do you consider yourself to be?&#8221; (0-5 scale) vs. placeOfWorshipAffiliation<br>0.53: alcoholDaysDrinkingPerWeek vs. drinksPerTimeDrinking</p>



<p>—<br>Large correlations (~25% of variance explained)</p>



<p>0.50: relationshipSeriousness vs. livesWithOtherPeople<br>0.49: conscientiousness (2-question big 5 scale) vs. howGoodIsWillpower<br>0.48: &#8220;Taking all things together, I am happy.&#8221; (1-5 scale) vs. satisfactionWithDatingOrRomanticLife<br>0.48: hasDepressiveDisorder vs. takesAntidepressants<br>0.48: enoughMoneyToLiveComfortably vs. howGoodLifeIsRelativeToExpectations<br>0.46: relationshipSeriousness vs. hasChildren<br>0.45: hasDepressiveDisorder vs. hasAnxietyDisorder<br>0.42: selfReportedHowGoodAtMathComparedToOthers vs. selfReportedIntelligence<br>0.41: howWellTreatedByRomanticPartner vs. &#8220;Taking all things together, I am happy.&#8221; (1-5 scale)<br>0.40: &#8220;In general, I feel confident and positive about myself.&#8221; (1-5 scale) vs. howGoodIsWillpower<br>0.40: incomeScore vs. enoughMoneyToLiveComfortably<br>0.38: age vs. hasBeenDivorced<br>0.38: howOftenReadsBlogs vs. howOftenReadsTheNews<br>0.38 : timesSexualActivityWithOtherPersonIn7Days vs. howWellTreatedByRomanticPartner<br>0.37: moreWealthyThanFriends vs. &#8220;I feel satisfied with what I am achieving in life.&#8221; (1-5 scale)<br>0.36: howGoodLifeIsRelativeToExpectations vs. howWellTreatedByRomanticPartner<br>0.36: hasChildren vs. age<br>0.36: &#8220;Taking all things together, I am happy.&#8221; (1-5 scale) vs. enoughMoneyToLiveComfortably<br>0.36: selfReportedIntelligence vs. selfReportedGoodLookingnessForAge<br>0.36: selfReportedGoodLookingnessForAge vs. &#8220;In general, I feel confident and positive about myself.&#8221; (1-5 scale)<br>0.35 : timesSexualActivityWithOtherPersonIn7Days vs. satisfactionWithDatingOrRomanticLife<br>0.35: parentsHappyWhenYouWereGrowingUp vs. &#8220;In general, I feel confident and positive about myself.&#8221; (1-5 scale)<br>0.34: selfReportedIntelligence vs. considersSelfLifelongLearner<br>0.34: exerciseDaysPerWeek vs. hoursOutsideWeekly<br>0.31: homeOwnershipLevel vs. age<br>0.31: seeingAMentalHealthProfessional vs. depression symptom score (PHQ9)</p>



<p>—<br>Medium correlations (~9% of variance explained)</p>



<p>0.3: &#8220;Taking all things together, I am happy.&#8221; (1-5 scale) vs. numberOfCloseFriendsAndFamilyMembers<br>0.3: homeOwnershipLevel vs. enoughMoneyToLiveComfortably<br>0.3: depression symptom score (PHQ9) vs. takesAntidepressants<br>0.3: republican1DemocratNegative1 vs. &#8220;How religious do you consider yourself to be?&#8221; (0-5 scale)<br>0.29: earlyTechnologyAdopter vs. appsTheyDownloadedAndUseWeekly<br>0.28: restednessUponWakingAfterIdealHoursOfSleep vs. &#8220;I feel satisfied with what I am achieving in life.&#8221; (1-5 scale)<br>0.28: healthLevel vs. exerciseDaysPerWeek<br>0.28: healthLevel vs. moreWealthyThanFriends<br>0.27: educationScore vs. incomeScore<br>0.27: selfReportedGoodLookingnessForAge vs. moreWealthyThanFriends<br>0.27 : isChristian vs. republican1DemocratNegative1<br>0.27: hasAPet vs. isFemale<br>0.26: selfReportedIntelligence vs. selfReportedGoodnessAndMoralness<br>0.25: numberOfCloseFriendsAndFamilyMembers vs. &#8220;How optimistic a person are you usually?&#8221; (-2 to 2 scale)<br>0.24: &#8220;How spiritual do you consider yourself to be?&#8221; (0-5 scale) vs. age<br>0.23: age squared vs. &#8220;How spiritual do you consider yourself to be?&#8221; (0-5 scale)<br>0.23: smokeCigarettesFrequency vs. addictedToADrugOtherThanCaffeineOrNicotine<br>0.23: hoursWorkedOnWorkDays vs. positivenessOfFeelingsAboutJob<br>0.23: hasAPet vs. isWhite<br>0.22: selfReportedIntelligence vs. educationScore<br>0.22: anxiety symptom score (GAD7) vs. takesAntidepressants<br>0.22: depression symptom score (PHQ9) vs. debtsCannotPayLevel<br>0.22: &#8220;How optimistic a person are you usually?&#8221; (-2 to 2 scale) vs. parentsTreatedWellWhenGrowingUp<br>0.21: hoursPastMidnightGoesToSleep vs. videoGameMinutesPerDayWhenPlays<br>0.21: hoursOutsideWeekly vs. exerciseMinutesPerExerciseDay<br>0.21: satisfactionWithDatingOrRomanticLife vs. parentsHappyWhenYouWereGrowingUp<br>0.21: socialLiberalness vs. homosexuality<br>0.21 : isChristian vs. hasChildren</p>



<p>—<br>Small correlations (~4% of variance explained)</p>



<p>0.2: howOftenReadsTheNews vs. considersSelfLifelongLearner<br>0.2: hoursPastMidnightGoesToSleep vs. depression symptom score (PHQ9)<br>0.2: earlyTechnologyAdopter vs. internetCapableSmartphone<br>0.2: howGoodIsWillpower vs. moreWealthyThanFriends<br>0.2: nightclubAttendance vs. timesSexualActivityWithOtherPersonIn7Days<br>0.2: daysPerWeekUsesTwitter vs. appsTheyDownloadedAndUseWeekly<br>0.2: &#8220;How spiritual do you consider yourself to be?&#8221; (0-5 scale) vs. republican1DemocratNegative1<br>0.2: enoughMoneyToLiveComfortably vs. positivenessOfFeelingsAboutJob<br>0.2: bookReadingDaysPerWeek vs. considersSelfLifelongLearner<br>0.19: daysPerWeekUsesFacebook vs. isFemale<br>0.19: bodyMassIndex vs. depression symptom score (PHQ9)<br>0.19: differenceBetweenAverageAndNeededSleepHours vs. &#8220;Taking all things together, I am happy.&#8221; (1-5 scale)<br>0.19: selfReportedGoodLookingnessForAge vs. exerciseMinutesPerExerciseDay<br>0.19: selfReportedIntelligence vs. earlyTechnologyAdopter<br>0.18: hasAPet vs. daysPerWeekUsesFacebook<br>0.18: howWellTreatedByRomanticPartner vs. parentsTreatedWellWhenGrowingUp<br>0.18: &#8220;How spiritual do you consider yourself to be?&#8221; (0-5 scale) vs. &#8220;How optimistic a person are you usually?&#8221; (-2 to 2 scale)<br>0.18: moreWealthyThanFriends vs. timesSexualActivityWithOtherPersonIn7Days<br>0.18: nightclubAttendance vs. drinksPerTimeDrinking<br>0.18: incomeScore vs. selfReportedGoodLookingnessForAge<br>0.17 : firedFromAJobInLast12Months vs. addictedToADrugOtherThanCaffeineOrNicotine<br>0.17: isFemale vs. &#8220;How spiritual do you consider yourself to be?&#8221; (0-5 scale)<br>0.17: numberOfCloseFriendsAndFamilyMembers vs. &#8220;How religious do you consider yourself to be?&#8221; (0-5 scale)<br>0.17: selfReportedHowGoodAtMathComparedToOthers vs. selfReportedGoodLookingnessForAge<br>0.17: educationScore vs. enoughMoneyToLiveComfortably<br>0.17: selfReportedIntelligence vs. moreWealthyThanFriends<br>0.17 : timesSexualActivityWithOtherPersonIn7Days vs. healthLevel<br>0.17: daysPerWeekSpeaksToFriends vs. numberOfCloseFriendsAndFamilyMembers<br>0.17: &#8220;How religious do you consider yourself to be?&#8221; (0-5 scale) vs. takingAllThingsTogetherIAmHAPPY<br>0.16: minutesOnComputerTypicalDay vs. hoursPastMidnightGoesToSleep<br>0.16: hasBeenDivorced vs. &#8220;How spiritual do you consider yourself to be?&#8221; (0-5 scale)<br>0.16 : timesSexualActivityWithOtherPersonIn7Days vs. selfReportedGoodLookingnessForAge<br>0.16: hoursOutsideWeekly vs. &#8220;How optimistic a person are you usually?&#8221; (-2 to 2 scale)<br>0.16: &#8220;How spiritual do you consider yourself to be?&#8221; (0-5 scale) vs. numberOfCloseFriendsAndFamilyMembers<br>0.16: educationScore vs. bookReadingDaysPerWeek<br>0.16: howGoodIsWillpower vs. positivenessOfFeelingsAboutJob<br>0.16: gotDivorcedInLastTwoYears vs. addictedToADrugOtherThanCaffeineOrNicotine<br>0.16: howOftenReadsTheNews vs. educationScore<br>0.16: hasChildren vs. hasAPet<br>0.16: differenceBetweenAverageAndNeededSleepHours vs. exerciseDaysPerWeek<br>0.16: bodyMassIndex vs. chronicMedicalConditionSeriousness</p>



<p>—<br>Tiny correlation (~2% of variance explained)</p>



<p>0.15: anxiety symptom score (GAD7) vs. socialLiberalness<br>0.15: restednessUponWakingAfterIdealHoursOfSleep vs. positivenessOfFeelingsAboutJob<br>0.15: relationshipSeriousness vs. republican1DemocratNegative1<br>0.15: daysPerWeekSpeaksToFriends vs. howOftenReadsTheNews<br>0.15: alcoholDaysDrinkingPerWeek vs. smokeCigarettesFrequency<br>0.15: gotDivorcedInLastTwoYears vs. firedFromAJobInLast12Months<br>0.15: selfReportedGoodLookingnessForAge vs. satisfactionWithDatingOrRomanticLife<br>0.15: videoGameMinutesPerDayWhenPlays vs. bookReadingMinutesPerDayWhenRead<br>0.14: parentsHappyWhenYouWereGrowingUp vs. selfReportedGoodLookingnessForAge<br>0.14: isChristian vs. daysPerWeekUsesFacebook<br>0.14: considersSelfLifelongLearner vs. howOftenReadsBlogs<br>0.14: healthLevel vs. differenceBetweenAverageAndNeededSleepHours<br>0.14 : republican1DemocratNegative1 vs. homeOwnershipLevel<br>0.13: hasAPet vs. mentalIllnessInFamilyLevel<br>0.13: economicLiberalness vs. daysPerWeekUsesTwitter<br>0.13: economicLiberalness vs. hoursPastMidnightGoesToSleep<br>0.13: seeingAMentalHealthProfessional vs. gotDivorcedInLastTwoYears<br>0.13: videoGamePlayingDaysPerWeek vs. bodyMassIndex<br>0.13: &#8220;How spiritual do you consider yourself to be?&#8221; (0-5 scale) vs. physicalDisabilityLevel<br>0.12: bornInUS vs. hasAPet<br>0.12: howGoodIsWillpower vs. numberOfCloseFriendsAndFamilyMembers<br>0.12: howOftenReadsBlogs vs. educationScore<br>0.12: &#8220;How optimistic a person are you usually?&#8221; (-2 to 2 scale) vs. hasBeenDivorced<br>0.12: parentsTreatedWellWhenGrowingUp vs. &#8220;How religious do you consider yourself to be?&#8221; (0-5 scale)<br>0.12: urbannessOfLocation vs. economicLiberalness<br>0.12: isFemale vs. depression symptom score (PHQ9)<br>0.11: nightclubAttendance vs. selfReportedGoodLookingnessForAge<br>0.11: howOftenReadsTheNews vs. daysPerWeekUsesTwitter<br>0.11: worksMoreThanWouldLike vs. depression symptom score (PHQ9)<br>0.11: incomeScore vs. hasAPet<br>0.11: parentsHappyWhenYouWereGrowingUp vs. howGoodIsWillpower<br>0.11: isFemale vs. hasMentalHealthDiagnosis<br>0.11: hasAnxietyDisorder vs. hasAPet<br>0.11: usCitizen vs. isWhite<br>0.11: howOftenReadsBlogs vs. socialLiberalness<br>0.11 : firedFromAJobInLast12Months vs. nightclubAttendance<br>0.11: educationScore vs. appsTheyDownloadedAndUseWeekly</p>



<p>—<br>Negligible correlations (~1% of variance explained)</p>



<p>0.10: videoGameMinutesPerDayWhenPlays vs. hasMentalHealthDiagnosis<br>0.09: Points (gad7) vs. smokeCigarettesFrequency<br>0.09: healthLevel vs. alcoholDaysDrinkingPerWeek<br>0.09: howOftenReadsTheNews vs. incomeScore<br>0.08: selfReportedHowGoodAtMathComparedToOthers vs. howOftenReadsTheNews<br>0.07: physicalDisabilityLevel vs. lookingForWork<br>0.07: isMidwestUSRegion vs. hasChildren<br>0.07: gotDivorcedInLastTwoY</p>



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<p><em>This piece was first written on January 13, 2018, and first appeared on my website on July 30, 2025.</em></p>



<p></p>
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