Among many other concepts, Kahneman and his collaborators came up with the ideas of:

• Anchoring (where an irrelevant number can influence our judgments)
• Prospect theory (a theory of how we make judgments when there is uncertainty that incorporates a number of biases)
• The focusing illusion (where we overemphasize the importance of whatever factor we happen to be focused on at that moment)
• The peak-end rule (where our memories of an event tend to emphasize the peak moment of greatest intensity and how the event ended)
• The planning fallacy (the common bias where people underestimate the time and cost of large projects)
• The availability heuristic (where we evaluate how frequent, likely, or important an event is based on how easily we can recall examples of it to memory)
• The representativeness heuristic (where we evaluate how likely something is to be something else based on how similar it is to a prototype or stereotype rather than incorporating all the information we have, such as base rate information)

I feel grateful to have had the chance to spend a little bit of time with him. He was as wonderful in person as he was in his articles. I once even thought I found an error in one of his papers, and he was so nice about it when I pointed it out. It turns out I misinterpreted what method he used, and the paper was flawless!

The world has suffered a great loss today.

This piece was first written on March 27, 2024, and first appeared on my website on April 11, 2024.

Why discard these valuable things in the leaky waste bin we call memory?
The flip side of this, of course, is: if you have a meaningful and genuine compliment to give, then don’t forget to tell the person who it’s about! What a loss not to do so.

Thank you to those of you who have contributed to my list, I’ve benefited many times over from your thoughtfulness!

The first step is to admit to yourself that you’ve made a mistake. Trivial errors, like accidentally putting the container of orange juice in the freezer, are easy enough to come to terms with. But for more serious matters, or matters that involve pride or shame, our minds often recoils at the pain caused by acknowledging we’ve screwed up. We make up excuses as to why it isn’t our fault, or pretend (even to ourselves) that it didn’t happen. But remember: refusing to accept that we’ve made a mistake frequently dooms us to making many more in the future. I find that reflecting on this fact helps me acknowledge my own mistakes. Another thing that can help is to remember that mistakes are not weird, they are the norm. The best among us still make them frequently.

Occasionally, noticing mistakes is enough to correct them, especially when they have immediate reinforcing consequences. Put your hand in a fire once, and it will be easy not to do it again. Get stung by bees enough times, and you’ll likely become more wary around bees. But if you don’t consciously reflect on what has happened, you may not learn all there is to be learned from your mistake. Worse still, many mistakes don’t lead to natural self correction.

Step two is to generalize from your mistakes so that you can see the pattern or principle underlying them. The lesson derived from the mistake of sticking your hand in fire shouldn’t just be to not stick your hand in fire, it ideally should include not sticking your hand in boiling water too. The principle to extract is that objects of high temperature can be dangerous to touch. If your friend is upset because you didn’t return his call for a month, the lesson to learn may not just be to return calls more quickly with this friend, or even just to return calls more quickly with all your friends. Considering this mistake in the context of your other mistakes, there may be something deeper that you should also learn. If you’re having trouble figuring out what, try discussing your mistakes with others whom you trust not to be judgemental. They may be able to offer a perspective that hasn’t occurred to you.

Step three is to develop a strategy to change your behavior. Just because you know that you should stop forgetting to pay your friend back for dinner doesn’t mean that you will stop forgetting. And it certainly doesn’t mean that you will start being more responsible in general when you owe something (even if you’ve made that mistake many times). What would stop your forgetting? Maybe emailing that friend right now to make lunch plans, and putting a reminder in your calendar software saying “bring the money you owe!”, set to go off just before you leave to meet that friend for lunch. Problem solved. How do you solve the more general problem of being bad about paying back what you owe? One approach that might help is to try to build a habit of always scheduling calendar reminders as soon as you borrow money to remind you (repeatedly is best) that you need to pay the money back. That way it is much harder to forget.

Step four is to review your big mistakes, as well as the principles you’ve extracted from them and the strategies you’ve developed to change your behavior. If you review these from time to time you’re much more likely to actually change. Just because you learned something from a mistake three months ago doesn’t mean you’re going to remember what you’ve learned three months from now. As unnatural a thing as it may seem to do, keeping a list which you review from time to time will dramatically magnify your ability to retain what you’ve learned.

So the next time you realize you may have made a mistake:

1. Acknowledge it, if it was indeed a mistake. Otherwise you may be doomed to repeat it.
2. See what useful principles you can learn from it, taking into account the context of the other mistakes you’ve made.
3. Develop a strategy to change your behavior. Just willing yourself to do things differently next time often doesn’t work. Figure out what you can do now to alter your future behavior.
4. Keep a list of your big mistakes and what you should learn from them. Review this from time to time (for instance, whenever you add a new mistake to the list).