I think there are a number of possible reasons why even good, bipartisan policies don’t get put into practice:

A. Political battles prevent useful things from getting done (e.g., if a policy sounds too “left,” the right will reflexively oppose it, and if it sounds too “right,” the left will reflexively oppose it).

B. Politicians fear “slippery slopes,” so they will oppose good policies out of concern that they will create momentum towards policies they oppose (e.g., “well, sure, it’s a good idea to prevent people from buying grenade launchers, but the next thing you know, all guns will be outlawed!”).

C. Voters may not understand some of these policies, so politicians don’t bother to push for them (e.g., how many people can explain the benefits of a “land value tax” relative to an income tax?).

D. Policies are limited by collective action problems, whereby the policies can only occur if a number of people act in a coordinated fashion, but it’s tough for them to coordinate (e.g., the left and right would have to put aside their differences temporarily and cooperate to get the policy to move forward).

E. It’s not uncommon for politicians to be low-empathy narcissists who are mainly aiming to serve their own interests.

F. Even if the policies make most people better off, there will always be at least a few who are made worse off, and those people may act aggressively to block the policies (e.g., “sure, this will be convenient for almost every American, but industry X will lose out, and they are a major donor, so we can’t push it through”). Or another version of this could occur where some people would gain a lot more than those who would lose out, but those who would gain have less power than those who would lose (e.g., “sure, this would help lots of poor people a great deal, but powerful people would be slightly worse off”).

G. Small groups with particular interests have excessive power over politicians, which enables them to block some valuable policies, e.g., by acting as a unified voting block – especially in low turnout elections, or because of financial power, such as that wielded by large corporations or billionaires).

H. I’m wrong, and some of these are, in fact, bad ideas for policies for reasons I am not aware of.

Here’s my first pass at a list of what I see as “low-hanging fruit” for policies in the U.S. that I think would be likely to make society better at low cost:

1. Improving Mail: Require regular mail to have a clearly labeled unsubscribe phone number or URL on the outside of the envelope, much like how we already require emails to have an unsubscribe link. This requirement has been used for email for a long time and seems to have a really clear and obvious benefit there, so why would we not do it for regular mail as well?

2. Improving Tax Time: The government should prefill all of our tax forms and then simply send them to us to edit/approve. For many of us, the U.S. government already knows what we owe! And any information they don’t know, we could simply add to what they filled out for us. It’s insanely wasteful that we have to go through the lengthy and tedious process of filling out taxes. My understanding is that this has mainly been blocked by corporate interest groups that make tax software, along with some Republican politicians who fear it could be a sneaky way for the government to stick you with extra taxes. It seems like the benefit clearly outweighs the risk.

3. Sane Marijuana Policy: Release everyone who is in prison for charges related only to marijuana possession or sale, and stop arresting people for it. Marijuana is already legal or decriminalized for at least some uses in most of the U.S., yet somehow people are still in prison for this! The public is now pro strongly pro-legalization (more than 2/3rds support it), and it is extremely unjust to keep people in prison for a “crime” that is, in fact, (a) legal in many states, (b) enforced non-uniformly, (c) usually victimless, and (d) not even considered a crime by most people.

4. Taxing Pollution: Add a gradually ramping up corporate tax for air pollution (or a “cap and trade” system). Pay the revenue raised from this taxation immediately back to all people (as tax relief, or for those who pay no tax, as cash). Air pollution has multiple negative externalities that are not properly priced in by the market! Even if you don’t believe in human-caused climate change, it’s obvious that air pollution has other negative externalities, as it causes many health problems. And if you do believe that human-caused climate change is a problem (or has even a 30% chance of being a big problem), this is a no-brainer.

5. Moral Animal Policy: Over a period of time (so that industry has time to adapt), ramp up regulations to prohibit raising animals in a hellish nightmare, which is currently the normal life of most farm animals. The food industry secretly implicates most Americans in moral atrocities that most of us would be sickened by if we witnessed it. There is no reason that animals need to be tortured the way they are so that people can eat meat, eggs, and fish.

6. Improving Taxation Methods: Gradually switch some income tax to instead be a combination of (i) “land value tax” (see: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_value_tax), (ii) taxes on very high-priced items that are mainly about wealth signaling (like very expensive new watches/jewelry/yachts), and (iii) progressive forms of consumption tax. Most economists agree that there are better approaches to taxation than we use now that don’t distort behavior as much. One of the interesting properties of taxing goods that primarily exist for wealth signaling is that by taxing them, you don’t make them less desirable. By taxing them, you cause their price to tend to go up, making them even better items for wealth signaling! Land value taxes also have appealing properties. But by taxing income, you make earning additional income less desirable than it otherwise would be, which is not the sort of disincentive we want to create.

7. Fixing Tax Breaks: Gradually remove tax breaks that incentivize things we don’t actually want to incentivize. There are many examples of this, such as the mortgage tax deduction on interest (why do we want to incentivize people to have mortgages?) and the tax-deductions employers get for health insurance (why do we want to incentivize companies to give their employees higher-priced insurance plans instead of higher salaries?). Instead of giving these weird tax breaks, we could just give this money back to all people in the form of equal tax breaks. One thing that makes this kind of change tricky is that there will always be someone losing when these tax breaks change. That being said, that issue could be reduced by announcing the tax breaks will be phased out in five years or by paying some extra money in a one-time fee to those who are losing out due to the changes. Planet Money has a great podcast episode that discusses this, along with other policy improvements that economists of very different political leanings tend to agree on (see: https://www.npr.org/sections/money/2016/10/26/499490275/episode-387-the-no-brainer-economic-platform).

8. Legal Complexity: The law gets longer and more complex each year. At this point, it is impossible for any human to understand. It is also expensive to comply with, and it tends to get more expensive each year. This leads to bad situations where large companies can easily afford to follow the law, and tiny companies can’t even afford to figure out what the law is, let alone follow it! A simple proposed solution is to require the removal of an old law whenever a new one is added (the removed law would have to be at least as long as the new one). Alternatively, a new body could be created to find antiquated laws and bring them to congress to vote on removing. The only groups I know of that benefit from the law becoming endlessly more long and complicated are (1) large corporations who can use it to their advantage against startups and (2) lawyers who must be hired at great expense to navigate the insanely complex rules.

9. Sane Sex Work Policy: Currently, sex workers are much more likely to be punished than those who seek their services. This is bizarre because sex workers (i) are often exploited (either through sex trafficking or pimps), (ii) are often impoverished and, in many cases, resort to sex work out of desperation, and (iii) are often the victims of violence and rape (so it’s obviously really important that they can easily report crimes). Some people think sex work should just be legalized, which is controversial. It seems to me that a less controversial plan that is still a clear improvement over the status quo is to merely switch the penalties and legal enforcement away from sex workers and instead to those who buy their services. The fact that a person who is sex trafficked can be punished for being sex trafficked (and therefore may be afraid about going to the police) is insane!

10. Stop Gerrymandering. It’s not an easy math problem to define gerrymandering, but with some effort, mathematicians can certainly design a set of requirements for setting voter district lines that make it much harder to manipulate election results. It’s appalling that this still happens so regularly. It is practiced both on the right and the left and is a clear perversion of democracy. Surely both the left and right can agree that this is immoral and should be stopped on both sides?

11. Allow People to Die in Peace. It is controversial whether assisted suicide should be legal for anyone who wants it. But it is not controversial that assisted suicide should be an option (after a psychological and medical evaluation) for those who are terminally ill with a short, excruciatingly painful future ahead of them. And yet, right now, we subject many such people to untold, needless agony. Instead of peacefully passing surrounded by their loved ones in their preferred setting, they die horribly in a hospital after months of torment. A minority of people who are uncomfortable with this idea end up inadvertently ruining the final months of many people’s lives and causing vast amounts of needless suffering.

12. Insane Prisons: We literally have solitary confinement prisons, where people can end up being (essentially) alone for years. This amounts to torture that would drive most people crazy. If solitary confinement is not banned, at least it should be severely limited in duration. There is no justification for sticking a person in one of these places for a year.

The list above represents my first pass at some policy interventions that seem to me likely to be beneficial according to the values of both the left and the right. That being said, chances are that I am wrong about the benefits of one or more of the above, as the world is a complex and chaotic place, and my understanding of it is far from perfect.

But, as far as I can tell, the left and the right scream at each other (sometimes about unimportant things) while massive, easily prevented suffering is all around us. We could fix more of these problems if we could find more common ground and cooperate on the problems that both the left and the right care about fixing. Politics doesn’t have to be a mostly zero-sum war.

This piece was first written on March 13, 2021, and first appeared on this site on September 23, 2022.

There are many paths by which, in our lifetimes, the world could end up looking very different than it does today. Below I’ve outlined just a few of the many possibilities, each in ~280 characters or less. Note that they are not mutually exclusive.

Path A: China could end up as the world’s sole superpower. Not only is its GDP growing faster than the U.S. (~double the rate), but it seems to be suffering less institutional decay, seems better at thinking long-term, and seems better at achieving internal goal alignment.

Path B: China could fall into chaos, leaving the U.S. the only superpower. The main way I could see this occurring is if China’s economic growth takes a dive (e.g., a big recession) and people were only willing to accept the current state of government because wealth was growing quickly.

Path C: Automation replaces jobs faster than it ever has before (due to self-driving cars, automated store checkout, AI assistants, etc.). Wages plummet across many industries, and unemployment skyrockets. Wealth inequality explodes, possibly resulting in universal basic income (UBI) or civil unrest.

Path D: One group builds superintelligent AI well before others and gains more power than anyone has ever had in history. They use it to make a trillion dollars, control politics, influence world populations, invent new tech and science, etc. A techno dictatorship of sorts.

Path E: One group builds superintelligent AI and fails to control it. While the AI is attempting to carry out one of their queries, it ends civilization and perhaps our species as well. This feels a lot more plausible after you spend a few hours thinking about how to prevent it.

Path F: Virtual reality (VR) becomes ubiquitous. People realize that VR is more enjoyable than real life (plus, it can be made highly addictive, like social media but more immersive). Civilization splits into those who have VR (and spend almost all waking hours in it) and those who don’t.

Path G: Brain-computer interfaces take off and are able to greatly augment human intelligence (e.g., by vastly enhancing our working memory, processing speed, long-term memory, knowledge, etc.). A massive gap in power emerges between those that have access to them and those who don’t.

Path H:  Some group purposely creates a virus far worse than COVID (e.g., with an even longer incubation period, higher infectiousness, higher mutation rate, and much higher mortality), hundreds of millions or billions die, and a pandemic lifestyle becomes permanent.

Path I: Tensions mount between two nuclear powers. A nuke is accidentally launched, or a detector reads a false alarm of an imminent strike, or a preemptive attack occurs out of fear of the other side’s preemptive attack. Retaliation occurs. The whole world is engulfed in a nuclear war.

Path J: Humanity figures out how to use tech and education to become wiser, create abundance, solve collective action problems, fix our institutions, improve science. The culture shifts to truth-seeking, nuance, evidence, risk reduction, probabilistic thinking, long-term thinking, clarifying our values, and productive collaboration / positive-sum interactions between groups with different values. Humanity avoids catastrophe and thrives for millions of years.

It’s probably not (yet) too late to choose which paths we take.

Here’s a list of some of those theories (as I interpret them), explained in extremely concise terms as best as I could manage:

The List of Thinkers and Their Core Ideas:

1. Peter Singer

We would ruin expensive shoes to save a drowning child we walked by, but not forgo expensive shoes to save one far away. We say it’s wrong to torture animals, yet our factory farms constantly torture them to make the meat/eggs we choose to buy. We should do more good.

2. Nick Bostrom

Technology is often good, but not always, and sometimes it is incredibly dangerous (e.g., nuclear weapons, engineering of viruses). If we invent enough technologies, eventually we may invent one that totally devastates civilization, even if actors are well-intentioned.

3. Eliezer Yudkowsky

Each year, AI gets more powerful. It’s on course to eventually be smarter than the smartest human in almost all ways. But these AIs are alien minds that won’t embody what we care about sufficiently well. When that happens, it will likely go extremely badly for humanity. Nobody knows how to make such a system safe.

4. Robin Hanson

Many of the explanations for why we do things don’t make sense (if we did X for claimed reason Y, we’d also do Z, which we don’t do). The most parsimonious explanation is that much of our behavior is just social signaling, which we engage in without even realizing it.

5. Elon Musk

If we let climate change or A.I. get out of control before we get off this planet, we’re F’d. Let’s get off this planet before it’s too late.

6. Jonathan Haidt

We often think we use our reason to arrive at moral conclusions, but mainly we use our reason to try to rationalize or justify what our moral intuition tells us. Political parties/groups have differing moral intuitions, and there are good people on all sides.

7. Noam Chomsky

We view the U.S. as a democracy, yet large corporations and a small group of elites have far more sway over what happens than anyone else. We view the U.S. as a world benefactor, yet its actions abroad are self-serving.

8. Andrew Yang

Automation is eventually going to take away a massive number of jobs (with e.g., self-driving cars and trucks, automated checkout, and AI assistants). We need to figure out how to make society work for all as jobs disappear and wealth becomes even more unequally distributed.

Of course, I had to vastly oversimplify your views to fit them in this format – hopefully I did so about as accurately as the format allows.

This piece was first written on August 26, 2020, and first appeared on my website on May 18, 2026.